Towards a Semantic Web by Bill Cope

Author:Bill Cope [Cope, Bill; Kalantzis, Mary; Magee, Liam]
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 978-1-78063-174-5
Publisher: Elsevier Science
Published: 2011-01-15T00:00:00+00:00

General Formal Ontology (GFO)

The General Formal Ontology (GFO) is perhaps the easiest of the ontologies to examine in terms of assumptions, and they are discussed in section 2.1 of the GFO presentation. The authors initially take a ‘realist position in philosophy’, aware that ‘there is the need to clarify more precisely the term “realism”‘ (Herre 2009). However, the actual categories employed, presented in the following section (2.1.1), ‘are conceived in such a way that we are not forced to commit ourselves to realism, conceptualism, or nominalism’ (Herre 2009). This is yet further complicated by the brief discussion in section 2.1.2, entitled ‘Existence and Modes of Being’. It is worth quoting this section in full:

In [32] a classification of modes of existence is discussed that is useful for a deeper understanding of entities of several kinds. According to [32] there are—roughly—the following modes of being: absolute, ideal, real, and intentional entities. This classification can be to some extent related to Gracia’s approach and to the levels of reality in the spirit of Nicolai Hartmann [29]. But, the theory of Roman Ingarden is not sufficiently elaborated compared with Hartmann’s large ontological system. For Ingarden there is the (open) problem, whether material things are real spatio-temporal entities or intentional entities in the sense of the later Husserl. We hold that there is no real opposition between the realistic attitude of Ingarden and the position of the later Husserl, who considers the material things as intentional entities being constructed by a transcendental self. Both views provide valuable insights in the modes of being that can be useful for conceptual modelling purposes (Herre 2009; reference [32] in the text refers to Roman Ingarden. Der Streit um die Existenz der Welt I (Existentialontologie). Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1964; reference [29] refers to Nicolai Hartmann. Der Aufbau der realen Welt. Walter de Gruyter and Co, 1964).

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